diff --git a/doc/build-helpers/testers.chapter.md b/doc/build-helpers/testers.chapter.md
index a616742fbb3b..3858c8697ea7 100644
--- a/doc/build-helpers/testers.chapter.md
+++ b/doc/build-helpers/testers.chapter.md
@@ -741,7 +741,7 @@ Notable attributes:
 
 Compliance suite for [modular service](https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/unstable/#modular-services) integrations.
 
-Tests that a service manager integration correctly handles the portable modular services contract: `process.argv`, sub-services, assertions, and warnings.
+Tests that a service manager integration correctly handles the portable modular services contract: `process.argv`, `process.environment` (including `null` values that unset a variable), sub-services, assertions, and warnings.
 
 ### Return value {#tester-modularServiceCompliance-return}
 
diff --git a/lib/services/service.nix b/lib/services/service.nix
index 449c35426039..3fe871284468 100644
--- a/lib/services/service.nix
+++ b/lib/services/service.nix
@@ -69,6 +69,26 @@ in
           Command used for reloading in the underlying service manager to reload.
         '';
       };
+
+      environment = lib.mkOption {
+        type = types.lazyAttrsOf (
+          types.nullOr (types.coercedTo (types.either types.path types.package) (x: "${x}") types.str)
+        );
+        default = { };
+        example = lib.literalExpression ''{ FOO = "bar"; PATH = null; }'';
+        description = ''
+          Environment variables passed verbatim to the service process by the
+          service manager. Entries set to `null` actively unset the variable
+          before the process starts -- backends without native unset support use
+          a wrapper (e.g. `execline`'s `unexport`) so the variable is absent
+          even when the service manager or a backend-specific override would
+          otherwise supply it.
+
+          Values appear in the rendered unit and may be world-readable. For
+          secrets, use a backend-specific mechanism such as
+          `systemd.service.serviceConfig.EnvironmentFile`.
+        '';
+      };
     };
 
     notificationProtocol = mkOption {
diff --git a/lib/services/test.nix b/lib/services/test.nix
index 65d05ceb39e9..2ba3b6e07009 100644
--- a/lib/services/test.nix
+++ b/lib/services/test.nix
@@ -48,6 +48,10 @@ let
             (dummyPkg "cowsay.sh")
             "world"
           ];
+          environment = {
+            FOO = "bar";
+            DROPPED = null;
+          };
         };
       };
       service3 = {
@@ -110,6 +114,7 @@ let
                 "/usr/bin/echo"
                 "hello"
               ];
+              environment = { };
             };
             services = { };
             assertions = [
@@ -128,6 +133,10 @@ let
                 "${dummyPkg "cowsay.sh"}"
                 "world"
               ];
+              environment = {
+                FOO = "bar";
+                DROPPED = null;
+              };
             };
             services = { };
             assertions = [ ];
@@ -136,6 +145,7 @@ let
           service3 = {
             process = {
               argv = [ "/bin/false" ];
+              environment = { };
             };
             services.exclacow = {
               process = {
@@ -143,6 +153,7 @@ let
                   "${dummyPkg "cowsay-ng"}/bin/cowsay"
                   "!"
                 ];
+                environment = { };
               };
               services = { };
               assertions = [
diff --git a/nixos/doc/manual/default.nix b/nixos/doc/manual/default.nix
index cf5c28358097..f99685b3c6bb 100644
--- a/nixos/doc/manual/default.nix
+++ b/nixos/doc/manual/default.nix
@@ -152,7 +152,16 @@ let
   };
 
   systemdServiceOptions = buildPackages.nixosOptionsDoc {
-    inherit (evalModules { modules = [ ../../modules/system/service/systemd/service.nix ]; }) options;
+    inherit
+      (evalModules {
+        modules = [
+          (modules.importApply ../../modules/system/service/systemd/service.nix {
+            pkgs = throw "nixos docs / systemdServiceOptions: Do not reference pkgs in docs";
+          })
+        ];
+      })
+      options
+      ;
     # TODO: filter out options that are not systemd-specific, maybe also change option prefix to just `service-opt-`?
     inherit revision warningsAreErrors;
     transformOptions =
diff --git a/nixos/modules/system/service/systemd/service.nix b/nixos/modules/system/service/systemd/service.nix
index 63e80aa19e0c..6e96cb69179f 100644
--- a/nixos/modules/system/service/systemd/service.nix
+++ b/nixos/modules/system/service/systemd/service.nix
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+# Non-module arguments
+# These are separate from the module arguments to avoid implicit dependencies.
+# This makes service modules self-contained, allowing mixing of Nixpkgs versions.
+{ pkgs }:
+
+# The module
 {
   lib,
   config,
@@ -92,6 +98,11 @@ in
         to prevent systemd substitution. Set this option explicitly to enable
         systemd's substitution features.
 
+        When {option}`process.environment` contains keys set to `null`, the default
+        is automatically prefixed with `unexport KEY` invocations (from
+        `pkgs.execline`) so those variables are unset before the process starts,
+        regardless of what `Environment=` or inherited environment supplies.
+
         To extend {option}`process.argv` with systemd specifiers, you can append
         to the escaped arguments:
 
@@ -109,8 +120,19 @@ in
         for available specifiers like `%n`, `%i`, `%t`.
       '';
       type = types.str;
-      default = config.systemd.lib.escapeSystemdExecArgs config.process.argv;
-      defaultText = lib.literalExpression "config.systemd.lib.escapeSystemdExecArgs config.process.argv";
+      default =
+        let
+          nullEnvKeys = lib.attrNames (lib.filterAttrs (_: v: v == null) config.process.environment);
+        in
+        if nullEnvKeys == [ ] then
+          config.systemd.lib.escapeSystemdExecArgs config.process.argv
+        else
+          lib.concatMapStringsSep " " (
+            k: "${escapeSystemdExecArg "${pkgs.execline}/bin/unexport"} ${escapeSystemdExecArg k}"
+          ) nullEnvKeys
+          + " "
+          + config.systemd.lib.escapeSystemdExecArgs config.process.argv;
+      defaultText = lib.literalMD "The escaped `process.argv`, prefixed with `\"unexport\" \"KEY\"` (from `pkgs.execline`) for each key in `process.environment` set to `null`.";
     };
 
     systemd.mainExecReload = mkOption {
@@ -191,7 +213,7 @@ in
         types.submoduleWith {
           class = "service";
           modules = [
-            ./service.nix
+            (lib.modules.importApply ./service.nix { inherit pkgs; })
           ];
           specialArgs = {
             inherit systemdPackage;
@@ -211,6 +233,9 @@ in
     systemd.services."" = {
       # TODO description;
       wantedBy = lib.mkDefault [ "multi-user.target" ];
+      environment = lib.mapAttrs (_: lib.mkDefault) (
+        lib.filterAttrs (_: v: v != null) config.process.environment
+      );
       serviceConfig = {
         ExecReload = config.systemd.mainExecReload;
         Type = lib.mkDefault (
diff --git a/nixos/modules/system/service/systemd/system.nix b/nixos/modules/system/service/systemd/system.nix
index b1ae25b85118..3cf6ee95e969 100644
--- a/nixos/modules/system/service/systemd/system.nix
+++ b/nixos/modules/system/service/systemd/system.nix
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ let
   modularServiceConfiguration = portable-lib.configure {
     serviceManagerPkgs = pkgs;
     extraRootModules = [
-      ./service.nix
+      (lib.modules.importApply ./service.nix { inherit pkgs; })
       ./config-data-path.nix
     ];
     extraRootSpecialArgs = {
diff --git a/nixos/modules/system/service/systemd/test.nix b/nixos/modules/system/service/systemd/test.nix
index abd192716b09..edead26e5f02 100644
--- a/nixos/modules/system/service/systemd/test.nix
+++ b/nixos/modules/system/service/systemd/test.nix
@@ -76,6 +76,40 @@ let
         };
       };
 
+      # Test that `process.environment` becomes `Environment=` entries on the unit,
+      # that null values are dropped from `Environment=` and wrapped with unexport
+      # in `ExecStart`.
+      system.services.envvars = {
+        process = {
+          argv = [ hello' ];
+          environment = {
+            FOO = "bar";
+            BAZ = "qux";
+            DROPPED = null;
+          };
+        };
+      };
+
+      # Test that an explicit `systemd.service.environment` override wins over
+      # the portable default produced by `process.environment`.
+      system.services.envvars-override = {
+        process = {
+          argv = [ hello' ];
+          environment.FOO = "from-process";
+        };
+        systemd.service.environment.FOO = "from-systemd";
+      };
+
+      # Test that `process.environment` `null` unsets via wrapper even when the
+      # systemd layer sets the same key (true unset, not just "skip setting").
+      system.services.envvars-unset = {
+        process = {
+          argv = [ hello' ];
+          environment.FOO = null;
+        };
+        systemd.service.environment.FOO = "leaked";
+      };
+
       # Test extending process.argv with systemd specifiers
       system.services.argv-extended =
         { config, ... }:
@@ -137,6 +171,22 @@ runCommand "test-modular-service-systemd-units"
       # The base command should be escaped ($1 -> $$1, m%n -> m%%n), but the appended --systemd-unit %n should not be
       grep -F 'ExecStart="${hello}/bin/hello" "--greeting" "Fun $$1 fact, remainder is often expressed as m%%n" --systemd-unit %n' ${toplevel}/etc/systemd/system/argv-extended.service >/dev/null
 
+      # process.environment becomes Environment= entries; null values are dropped
+      # from Environment= and wrapped with unexport in ExecStart.
+      grep -F 'Environment="FOO=bar"' ${toplevel}/etc/systemd/system/envvars.service >/dev/null
+      grep -F 'Environment="BAZ=qux"' ${toplevel}/etc/systemd/system/envvars.service >/dev/null
+      ! grep -F 'Environment=.*DROPPED' ${toplevel}/etc/systemd/system/envvars.service
+      grep 'ExecStart=.*unexport.*DROPPED' ${toplevel}/etc/systemd/system/envvars.service >/dev/null
+
+      # systemd.service.environment override wins over process.environment.
+      grep -F 'Environment="FOO=from-systemd"' ${toplevel}/etc/systemd/system/envvars-override.service >/dev/null
+      ! grep -F 'FOO=from-process' ${toplevel}/etc/systemd/system/envvars-override.service
+
+      # process.environment null uses unexport wrapper for true unset, even when
+      # the systemd layer has an Environment= entry for the same key.
+      grep -F 'Environment="FOO=leaked"' ${toplevel}/etc/systemd/system/envvars-unset.service >/dev/null
+      grep 'ExecStart=.*unexport.*FOO' ${toplevel}/etc/systemd/system/envvars-unset.service >/dev/null
+
       [[ ! -e ${toplevel}/etc/systemd/system/foo.socket ]]
       [[ ! -e ${toplevel}/etc/systemd/system/bar.socket ]]
       [[ ! -e ${toplevel}/etc/systemd/system/bar-db.socket ]]
diff --git a/pkgs/build-support/testers/modular-service-compliance.nix b/pkgs/build-support/testers/modular-service-compliance.nix
index ece674583eff..f48c17c0ce47 100644
--- a/pkgs/build-support/testers/modular-service-compliance.nix
+++ b/pkgs/build-support/testers/modular-service-compliance.nix
@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@ let
     services = {
       svc = {
         process.argv = [ "${coreutils}/bin/true" ];
+        process.environment = {
+          FOO = "bar";
+          DROPPED = null;
+        };
         assertions = [
           {
             assertion = true;
@@ -64,6 +68,19 @@ let
         expected = [ "${coreutils}/bin/true" ];
       };
 
+      # A set environment variable round-trips through process.environment.
+      testProcessEnvironment = {
+        expr = c.process.environment.FOO;
+        expected = "bar";
+      };
+
+      # A null environment variable is preserved as null (unset request),
+      # rather than coerced to a string or dropped from the attrset.
+      testProcessEnvironmentNull = {
+        expr = c.process.environment.DROPPED;
+        expected = null;
+      };
+
       testAssertions = {
         expr = builtins.elem {
           assertion = true;
@@ -126,6 +143,9 @@ let
     mkdir -p "$dir"
     echo "$$" > "$dir/pid"
     printf '%s\n' "$@" > "$dir/args"
+    # Record the process's own environment as received from the service
+    # manager (NUL-delimited, as the kernel stores it).
+    "${coreutils}/bin/cat" "/proc/$$/environ" > "$dir/environ"
     exec "${coreutils}/bin/sleep" infinity
   '';
 
@@ -160,6 +180,31 @@ let
         || { echo "${id}: expected arg ${lib.escapeShellArg arg} not found"; cat "${sharedDir}/${id}/args"; exit 1; }
     '') expectedArgs;
 
+  /**
+    Shell snippet: assert that the service's recorded environment contains
+    each `present` entry (an exact `KEY=value` string) and contains no
+    variable named in `absent`.
+  */
+  checkEnv =
+    id:
+    {
+      present ? [ ],
+      absent ? [ ],
+    }:
+    ''
+      # The recorded environ is NUL-delimited; render one entry per line.
+      tr '\0' '\n' < "${sharedDir}/${id}/environ" > "${sharedDir}/${id}/environ.lines"
+    ''
+    + lib.concatMapStrings (entry: ''
+      grep -qxF -- ${lib.escapeShellArg entry} "${sharedDir}/${id}/environ.lines" \
+        || { echo "${id}: expected env ${lib.escapeShellArg entry} not found"; cat "${sharedDir}/${id}/environ.lines"; exit 1; }
+    '') present
+    + lib.concatMapStrings (key: ''
+      if grep -qE ${lib.escapeShellArg "^${key}="} "${sharedDir}/${id}/environ.lines"; then
+        echo "${id}: env variable ${lib.escapeShellArg key} should be unset"; exit 1
+      fi
+    '') absent;
+
   mkTestScript =
     name: text:
     lib.getExe (writeShellApplication {
@@ -231,6 +276,24 @@ in
     );
   };
 
+  environment = mkTest {
+    name = "${namePrefix}-environment";
+    services.test = {
+      process.argv = mkArgv "env" [ ];
+      process.environment = {
+        FOO = "bar";
+        DROPPED = null;
+      };
+    };
+    testExe = mkTestScript "environment" (
+      waitAndCheck "env" [ ]
+      + checkEnv "env" {
+        present = [ "FOO=bar" ];
+        absent = [ "DROPPED" ];
+      }
+    );
+  };
+
   sub-services = mkTest {
     name = "${namePrefix}-sub-services";
     services.a = {