diff --git a/pkgs/top-level/perl-packages.nix b/pkgs/top-level/perl-packages.nix
index 6ef15bdd189e..942dc19f5172 100644
--- a/pkgs/top-level/perl-packages.nix
+++ b/pkgs/top-level/perl-packages.nix
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ with self;
 
     installPhase = "./Build install --prefix $out";
 
-    SDL_INST_DIR = lib.getDev pkgs.SDL;
+    env.SDL_INST_DIR = lib.getDev pkgs.SDL;
     buildInputs = [
       pkgs.SDL
       ArchiveExtract
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ with self;
     };
 
     buildInputs = [ ArchiveExtract ];
-    TIDYP_DIR = pkgs.tidyp;
+    env.TIDYP_DIR = pkgs.tidyp;
     propagatedBuildInputs = [ FileShareDir ];
     meta = {
       description = "Building, finding and using tidyp library";
@@ -1893,7 +1893,7 @@ with self;
       TestWarn
     ];
     env.NIX_CFLAGS_COMPILE = "-I${pkgs.zlib.dev}/include";
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.zlib.out}/lib -lz";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.zlib.out}/lib -lz";
     meta = {
       description = "Fast C metadata and tag reader for all common audio file formats, slimserver fork";
       homepage = "https://github.com/Logitech/slimserver-vendor";
@@ -2436,7 +2436,7 @@ with self;
       hash = "sha256-o/LKnSuu/BqqQJCLL5y5KS/aPn15fji7146rudna62s=";
     };
     env.NIX_CFLAGS_COMPILE = "-I${pkgs.db4.dev}/include";
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.db4.out}/lib -ldb";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.db4.out}/lib -ldb";
     buildInputs = [ pkgs.db4 ];
     propagatedBuildInputs = [ commonsense ];
     meta = {
@@ -4706,7 +4706,7 @@ with self;
     postPatch = ''
       substituteInPlace Makefile.PL --replace pkg-config $PKG_CONFIG
     '';
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${lib.getLib pkgs.pcsclite}/lib -lpcsclite";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${lib.getLib pkgs.pcsclite}/lib -lpcsclite";
     # tests fail; look unfinished
     doCheck = false;
     meta = {
@@ -5779,9 +5779,9 @@ with self;
     };
 
     # Don't build a private copy of bzip2.
-    BUILD_BZIP2 = false;
-    BZIP2_LIB = "${pkgs.bzip2.out}/lib";
-    BZIP2_INCLUDE = "${pkgs.bzip2.dev}/include";
+    env.BUILD_BZIP2 = false;
+    env.BZIP2_LIB = "${pkgs.bzip2.out}/lib";
+    env.BZIP2_INCLUDE = "${pkgs.bzip2.dev}/include";
 
     meta = {
       description = "Low-Level Interface to bzip2 compression library";
@@ -6995,7 +6995,7 @@ with self;
       TestRequires
     ];
     env.NIX_CFLAGS_COMPILE = "-I${pkgs.gmp.dev}/include";
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.gmp.out}/lib -lgmp";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.gmp.out}/lib -lgmp";
     meta = {
       description = "Crypt::DH Using GMP Directly";
       license = with lib.licenses; [
@@ -7483,7 +7483,7 @@ with self;
       hash = "sha256-kHxzoQVs6gV9qYGa6kipKreG5qqq858c3ZZHsj8RbHg=";
     };
     env.NIX_CFLAGS_COMPILE = "-I${pkgs.libsodium.dev}/include";
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.libsodium.out}/lib -lsodium";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.libsodium.out}/lib -lsodium";
     meta = {
       description = "Perl bindings for libsodium (NaCL)";
       homepage = "https://metacpan.org/release/Crypt-Sodium";
@@ -7580,7 +7580,7 @@ with self;
       pkgs.openssl
     ];
     env.NIX_CFLAGS_COMPILE = "-I${pkgs.openssl.dev}/include";
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${lib.getLib pkgs.openssl}/lib -lcrypto";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${lib.getLib pkgs.openssl}/lib -lcrypto";
     meta = {
       description = "Perl wrapper around OpenSSL's AES library";
       license = with lib.licenses; [
@@ -7598,7 +7598,7 @@ with self;
       hash = "sha256-I05y+4OW1FUn5v1F5DdZxcPzogjPjynmoiFhqZb9Qtw=";
     };
     env.NIX_CFLAGS_COMPILE = "-I${pkgs.openssl.dev}/include";
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${lib.getLib pkgs.openssl}/lib -lcrypto";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${lib.getLib pkgs.openssl}/lib -lcrypto";
     meta = {
       description = "OpenSSL's multiprecision integer arithmetic";
       license = with lib.licenses; [
@@ -7633,8 +7633,8 @@ with self;
       hash = "sha256-8IdvqhujER45uGqnMMYDIR7/KQXkYMcqV7YejPR1zvQ=";
     };
     env.NIX_CFLAGS_COMPILE = "-I${pkgs.openssl.dev}/include";
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${lib.getLib pkgs.openssl}/lib -lcrypto";
-    OPENSSL_PREFIX = pkgs.openssl;
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${lib.getLib pkgs.openssl}/lib -lcrypto";
+    env.OPENSSL_PREFIX = pkgs.openssl;
     buildInputs = [ CryptOpenSSLGuess ];
     meta = {
       description = "OpenSSL/LibreSSL pseudo-random number generator access";
@@ -7654,8 +7654,8 @@ with self;
     };
     propagatedBuildInputs = [ CryptOpenSSLRandom ];
     env.NIX_CFLAGS_COMPILE = "-I${pkgs.openssl.dev}/include";
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${lib.getLib pkgs.openssl}/lib -lcrypto";
-    OPENSSL_PREFIX = pkgs.openssl;
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${lib.getLib pkgs.openssl}/lib -lcrypto";
+    env.OPENSSL_PREFIX = pkgs.openssl;
     buildInputs = [ CryptOpenSSLGuess ];
     meta = {
       description = "RSA encoding and decoding, using the openSSL libraries";
@@ -7674,8 +7674,8 @@ with self;
       hash = "sha256-xNvBbE/CloV4I3v8MkWH/9eSSacQFQJlLbnjjUSJUX8=";
     };
     env.NIX_CFLAGS_COMPILE = "-I${pkgs.openssl.dev}/include";
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${lib.getLib pkgs.openssl}/lib -lcrypto";
-    OPENSSL_PREFIX = pkgs.openssl;
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${lib.getLib pkgs.openssl}/lib -lcrypto";
+    env.OPENSSL_PREFIX = pkgs.openssl;
     buildInputs = [ CryptOpenSSLGuess ];
     propagatedBuildInputs = [ ConvertASN1 ];
     meta = {
@@ -7883,7 +7883,7 @@ with self;
         --replace '#! /usr/bin/perl' '#!${perl}/bin/perl'
     '';
     propagatedBuildInputs = [ pkgs.ncurses ];
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.ncurses.out}/lib -lncurses";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.ncurses.out}/lib -lncurses";
     meta = {
       description = "Perl bindings to ncurses";
       license = with lib.licenses; [ artistic1 ];
@@ -9853,7 +9853,7 @@ with self;
       hash = "sha256-Uf6cFYlV/aDKkXqAaGPwvFEGi1M/u8dCOzzErVle0VM=";
     };
 
-    ORACLE_HOME = "${pkgs.oracle-instantclient.lib}/lib";
+    env.ORACLE_HOME = "${pkgs.oracle-instantclient.lib}/lib";
 
     buildInputs = [
       pkgs.oracle-instantclient
@@ -9920,7 +9920,7 @@ with self;
       hash = "sha256-B1e6aqyaKaLcOFmV1myPQSqIlo/SNsDYu0ZZAo5OmWU=";
     };
 
-    SYBASE = pkgs.freetds;
+    env.SYBASE = pkgs.freetds;
 
     buildInputs = [ pkgs.freetds ];
     propagatedBuildInputs = [ DBI ];
@@ -15261,8 +15261,8 @@ with self;
     ];
 
     # needed for fontconfig tests
-    HOME = "/build";
-    FONTCONFIG_PATH = "${lib.getOutput "out" pkgs.fontconfig}/etc/fonts";
+    env.HOME = "/build";
+    env.FONTCONFIG_PATH = "${lib.getOutput "out" pkgs.fontconfig}/etc/fonts";
 
     meta = {
       description = "Perl interface to the GraphViz graphing tool";
@@ -19024,7 +19024,7 @@ with self;
       hash = "sha256-MSlAwfYPR8T8k/oKnSpiZCX6qDcEDIwvGtWO4J9i83E=";
     };
     buildInputs = [ pkgs.acl ];
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.acl.out}/lib -lacl";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.acl.out}/lib -lacl";
     meta = {
       description = "Perl extension for reading and setting Access Control Lists for files by libacl linux library";
       license = with lib.licenses; [
@@ -19276,7 +19276,7 @@ with self;
       url = "mirror://cpan/authors/id/P/PV/PVANDRY/gettext-1.07.tar.gz";
       hash = "sha256-kJ1HlUaX58BCGPlykVt4e9EkTXXjvQFiC8Fn1bvEnBU=";
     };
-    LANG = "C";
+    env.LANG = "C";
     meta = {
       description = "Perl extension for emulating gettext-related API";
       license = with lib.licenses; [
@@ -20707,7 +20707,7 @@ with self;
     buildInputs = [ pkgs.gmp ];
     doCheck = false;
     env.NIX_CFLAGS_COMPILE = "-I${pkgs.gmp.dev}/include";
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.gmp.out}/lib -lgmp";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.gmp.out}/lib -lgmp";
     propagatedBuildInputs = [ MathBigInt ];
     meta = {
       description = "Backend library for Math::BigInt etc. based on GMP";
@@ -20800,7 +20800,7 @@ with self;
       AlienGMP
     ];
     env.NIX_CFLAGS_COMPILE = "-I${pkgs.gmp.dev}/include";
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.gmp.out}/lib -lgmp";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.gmp.out}/lib -lgmp";
     meta = {
       description = "High speed arbitrary size integer math";
       license = with lib.licenses; [ lgpl21Plus ];
@@ -20818,7 +20818,7 @@ with self;
       TestWarn
       pkgs.gmp
     ];
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.gmp.out}/lib -lgmp";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.gmp.out}/lib -lgmp";
     meta = {
       description = "Perl interface to the GMP integer functions";
       homepage = "https://github.com/sisyphus/math-gmpz";
@@ -20967,7 +20967,7 @@ with self;
     };
     buildInputs = [ pkgs.gmp ];
     env.NIX_CFLAGS_COMPILE = "-I${pkgs.gmp.dev}/include";
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.gmp.out}/lib -lgmp";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.gmp.out}/lib -lgmp";
     meta = {
       description = "Utilities related to prime numbers, using GMP";
       homepage = "https://github.com/danaj/Math-Prime-Util-GMP";
@@ -25343,7 +25343,7 @@ with self;
       pkgs.cups
       pkgs.libcupsfilters
     ];
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${lib.getLib pkgs.cups}/lib -lcups";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${lib.getLib pkgs.cups}/lib -lcups";
     meta = {
       description = "Common Unix Printing System Interface";
       homepage = "https://github.com/niner/perl-Net-CUPS";
@@ -26817,7 +26817,7 @@ with self;
     hardeningDisable = [ "format" ];
     # Make the async API accessible
     env.NIX_CFLAGS_COMPILE = "-DTHREADED";
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.zookeeper_mt.out}/lib -lzookeeper_mt";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.zookeeper_mt.out}/lib -lzookeeper_mt";
     # Most tests are skipped as no server is available in the sandbox.
     # `t/35_log.t` seems to suffer from a race condition; remove it.  See
     # https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/pull/104889#issuecomment-737144513
@@ -27953,7 +27953,7 @@ with self;
       hash = "sha256-SEhnmj8gHj87DF9vlSbmAq9Skj/6RxoqNlfbeGvTvcU=";
     };
     buildInputs = [ pkgs.zlib ];
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.zlib.out}/lib -lz";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.zlib.out}/lib -lz";
     meta = {
       description = "Perl extension to provide a PerlIO layer to gzip/gunzip";
       license = with lib.licenses; [
@@ -33082,7 +33082,7 @@ with self;
       pkgs.readline
       pkgs.ncurses
     ];
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-lreadline -lncursesw";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-lreadline -lncursesw";
 
     # For some crazy reason Makefile.PL doesn't generate a Makefile if
     # AUTOMATED_TESTING is set.
@@ -35770,9 +35770,9 @@ with self;
       hash = "sha256-K+oyCfGOJzsZPjF1pC0mk5GRnkmrEGtuJSOV0nIYL2U=";
     };
     propagatedBuildInputs = [ pkgs.aspell ];
-    ASPELL_CONF = "dict-dir ${pkgs.aspellDicts.en}/lib/aspell";
+    env.ASPELL_CONF = "dict-dir ${pkgs.aspellDicts.en}/lib/aspell";
     env.NIX_CFLAGS_COMPILE = "-I${pkgs.aspell}/include";
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.aspell}/lib -laspell";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${pkgs.aspell}/lib -laspell";
     meta = {
       description = "Perl interface to the GNU Aspell library";
       license = with lib.licenses; [
@@ -38384,7 +38384,7 @@ with self;
       pkgs.libxt
       pkgs.libxtst
     ];
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-lX11";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-lX11";
     doCheck = false; # requires an X server
     meta = {
       description = "Provides GUI testing/interaction routines";
@@ -38427,7 +38427,7 @@ with self;
       XMLSimple
       XSObjectMagic
     ];
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-lxcb -lxcb-util -lxcb-xinerama -lxcb-icccm -lxcb-randr -lxcb-xkb";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-lxcb -lxcb-util -lxcb-xinerama -lxcb-icccm -lxcb-randr -lxcb-xkb";
     doCheck = false; # requires an X server
     meta = {
       description = "Perl bindings for libxcb";
@@ -38670,7 +38670,7 @@ with self;
       url = "mirror://cpan/authors/id/S/SH/SHLOMIF/XML-LibXML-2.0210.tar.gz";
       hash = "sha256-opvz8Aq5ye4EIYFU4K/I95m/I2dOuZwantTeH0BZpI0=";
     };
-    SKIP_SAX_INSTALL = 1;
+    env.SKIP_SAX_INSTALL = 1;
     buildInputs = [
       AlienBuild
       AlienLibxml2
@@ -39523,7 +39523,7 @@ with self;
       hash = "sha256-BpsWQRcpX6gtJSlAocqLMIrYsfPocjvk6CaqqX9wbWw=";
     };
     env.NIX_CFLAGS_COMPILE = "-I${pkgs.openssl.dev}/include -I${pkgs.libidn2}.dev}/include";
-    NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${lib.getLib pkgs.openssl}/lib -L${lib.getLib pkgs.libidn2}/lib -lcrypto -lidn2";
+    env.NIX_CFLAGS_LINK = "-L${lib.getLib pkgs.openssl}/lib -L${lib.getLib pkgs.libidn2}/lib -lcrypto -lidn2";
 
     makeMakerFlags = [ "--prefix-openssl=${pkgs.openssl.dev}" ];