<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
         xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
         xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
         version="5.0"
         xml:id="sec-module-abstractions">

<title>Abstractions</title>

<para>If you find yourself repeating yourself over and over, it’s time
to abstract.  Take, for instance, this Apache HTTP Server configuration:

<programlisting>
{
  services.httpd.virtualHosts =
    [ { hostName = "example.org";
        documentRoot = "/webroot";
        adminAddr = "alice@example.org";
        enableUserDir = true;
      }
      { hostName = "example.org";
        documentRoot = "/webroot";
        adminAddr = "alice@example.org";
        enableUserDir = true;
        enableSSL = true;
        sslServerCert = "/root/ssl-example-org.crt";
        sslServerKey = "/root/ssl-example-org.key";
      }
    ];
}
</programlisting>

It defines two virtual hosts with nearly identical configuration; the
only difference is that the second one has SSL enabled.  To prevent
this duplication, we can use a <literal>let</literal>:

<programlisting>
let
  exampleOrgCommon =
    { hostName = "example.org";
      documentRoot = "/webroot";
      adminAddr = "alice@example.org";
      enableUserDir = true;
    };
in
{
  services.httpd.virtualHosts =
    [ exampleOrgCommon
      (exampleOrgCommon // {
        enableSSL = true;
        sslServerCert = "/root/ssl-example-org.crt";
        sslServerKey = "/root/ssl-example-org.key";
      })
    ];
}
</programlisting>

The <literal>let exampleOrgCommon =
<replaceable>...</replaceable></literal> defines a variable named
<literal>exampleOrgCommon</literal>.  The <literal>//</literal>
operator merges two attribute sets, so the configuration of the second
virtual host is the set <literal>exampleOrgCommon</literal> extended
with the SSL options.</para>

<para>You can write a <literal>let</literal> wherever an expression is
allowed.  Thus, you also could have written:

<programlisting>
{
  services.httpd.virtualHosts =
    let exampleOrgCommon = <replaceable>...</replaceable>; in
    [ exampleOrgCommon
      (exampleOrgCommon // { <replaceable>...</replaceable> })
    ];
}
</programlisting>

but not <literal>{ let exampleOrgCommon =
<replaceable>...</replaceable>; in <replaceable>...</replaceable>;
}</literal> since attributes (as opposed to attribute values) are not
expressions.</para>

<para><emphasis>Functions</emphasis> provide another method of
abstraction.  For instance, suppose that we want to generate lots of
different virtual hosts, all with identical configuration except for
the host name.  This can be done as follows:

<programlisting>
{
  services.httpd.virtualHosts =
    let
      makeVirtualHost = name:
        { hostName = name;
          documentRoot = "/webroot";
          adminAddr = "alice@example.org";
        };
    in
      [ (makeVirtualHost "example.org")
        (makeVirtualHost "example.com")
        (makeVirtualHost "example.gov")
        (makeVirtualHost "example.nl")
      ];
}
</programlisting>

Here, <varname>makeVirtualHost</varname> is a function that takes a
single argument <literal>name</literal> and returns the configuration
for a virtual host.  That function is then called for several names to
produce the list of virtual host configurations.</para>

<para>We can further improve on this by using the function
<varname>map</varname>, which applies another function to every
element in a list:

<programlisting>
{
  services.httpd.virtualHosts =
    let
      makeVirtualHost = <replaceable>...</replaceable>;
    in map makeVirtualHost
      [ "example.org" "example.com" "example.gov" "example.nl" ];
}
</programlisting>

(The function <literal>map</literal> is called a
<emphasis>higher-order function</emphasis> because it takes another
function as an argument.)</para>

<para>What if you need more than one argument, for instance, if we
want to use a different <literal>documentRoot</literal> for each
virtual host?  Then we can make <varname>makeVirtualHost</varname> a
function that takes a <emphasis>set</emphasis> as its argument, like this:

<programlisting>
{
  services.httpd.virtualHosts =
    let
      makeVirtualHost = { name, root }:
        { hostName = name;
          documentRoot = root;
          adminAddr = "alice@example.org";
        };
    in map makeVirtualHost
      [ { name = "example.org"; root = "/sites/example.org"; }
        { name = "example.com"; root = "/sites/example.com"; }
        { name = "example.gov"; root = "/sites/example.gov"; }
        { name = "example.nl"; root = "/sites/example.nl"; }
      ];
}
</programlisting>

But in this case (where every root is a subdirectory of
<filename>/sites</filename> named after the virtual host), it would
have been shorter to define <varname>makeVirtualHost</varname> as
<programlisting>
makeVirtualHost = name:
  { hostName = name;
    documentRoot = "/sites/${name}";
    adminAddr = "alice@example.org";
  };
</programlisting>

Here, the construct
<literal>${<replaceable>...</replaceable>}</literal> allows the result
of an expression to be spliced into a string.</para>

</section>
